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Skilled workforce in ASEAN region: issues, challenges, and way forward

Southeast Asia is one of the most dynamic and fastest growing regions in the world. With a total of 646 million peo... Show more
Southeast Asia is one of the most dynamic and fastest growing regions in the world. With a total of 646 million people and a wealth of natural resources, the region has an expanding middle class as well as a young, dynamic and increasingly well-educated population. Nevertheless, within the region, many workers are still engaged in informal employment, frequently for long hours, without reliable income and social protection coverage. The region, especially the [Association of Southeast Asian Nations] ASEAN-5 countries (Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines), lacks industry-ready skilled workers, despite its vibrant demography. Brunei has difficulties in equipping its labour force with the necessary research and development skills, while CLMV (Cambodia, Lao, Myanmar and Vietnam) economies broadly lack coherent technical education, necessary for industrial development.
ASEAN's renewed commitment in enhancing the quality of its human resources, recently expressed in the ASEAN Declaration on Human Resources Development for The Changing World of Work, highlights the importance of skill development through various modes (formal, non-formal, and informal learning) as an integral part of lifelong learning. This paper provides background regarding the current state of the workforce in ASEAN, including issues and challenges as well as the regional and national initiatives implemented in response. The paper also offers recommendations, especially related to human resources development through [technical and vocational education and training] TVET, as means of addressing the existing employment issues.
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Authors: Paryono

Date: 2022

Geographic subjects: Asia; Brunei; Cambodia ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Skills and knowledge; Vocational education and training; Labour market ... [+] Show more
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Cross-country comparison of engagement in apprenticeships: a conceptual analysis of incentives for individuals and firms

Purpose: A fundamental assumption of the apprenticeship model is that there are benefits to both employers and indi... Show more
Purpose: A fundamental assumption of the apprenticeship model is that there are benefits to both employers and individual learners. This paper offers a broad conceptual interrogation of an inherent assumption in the apprenticeship model, in that it provides incentives for participation to both individual learners and employers. Approach: This study combines the analysis of literature and available data and draws upon apprenticeship models in ten nations: Australia, Brazil, Denmark, Egypt, England, Finland, Germany, India, Malaysia and South Africa. Findings: For individuals, incentives to undertake apprenticeship may be linked to the process and outcomes of that learning, such as the appeal of learning through doing; the opportunities for occupational socialization; the possibility of progression to employment or to additional education; and learning while earning. The analysis of incentives for employers shows a range of reasons related to their short-term interests and the needs of the production processes, technologies, and associated skills; longer-term benefits for the company’s staffing strategy; and the opportunity to make a contribution to the wider education and economic systems. Despite all the potential incentives, many firms consider apprenticeships too costly, risky, and complex to justify the investment. However, when firms are making decisions under the umbrella of chambers or associations, they are more likely to coordinate their skills investment strategies around collectively beneficial outcomes.
Conclusion: The links to the labour market and specifically to employers are a key challenge for sustaining apprenticeship systems, as well as for the task of researching them. As such, policy maker (and researcher) engagement with apprenticeship should account for the capacity and commitment of employers. Another key challenge for apprenticeship is related to the relative attractiveness of this pathway within [education and training] E&T and labour market system for individuals. What is clear from this study is that the development of a strong apprenticeship system requires the buy-in of both employers and individual learners, and as such the necessity to identify and effectively implement incentives cannot be underestimated. Governments can play a key role in realizing the potential incentives for both employers and learners, thereby yielding benefits of all parties engaged in apprenticeships.
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Authors: Chankseliani, Maia; Anuar, Aizuddin Mohamed

Date: 2019

Geographic subjects: Australia; Oceania; Brazil ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Article

Journal title: International journal for research in vocational education and training

Subjects: Apprenticeship; Industry; Participation ... [+] Show more
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The factors that influence transfer of training and its effect on organizational citizenship behaviour: evidence from Malaysia civil defence force

Purpose: This paper aims to identify the relationship between organizational learning culture, psychological contra... Show more
Purpose: This paper aims to identify the relationship between organizational learning culture, psychological contract breach, work engagement, training simulation and transfer of training, to examine the effect of transfer of training on organizational citizenship behaviour and to determine the mediating effect of transfer of training on the relationship between organizational learning culture, psychological contract breach, work engagement and training simulation with organizational citizenship behaviour. This study investigated these relationships in the context of public sector organizations in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach: The data for this study were collected by using the purposive sampling from Malaysian Civil Defence Force or Angkatan Pertahanan Awam (APM) employees who attended a disaster preparedness training programme between March to May 2015. The questionnaire was the main tool for the data gathering. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling technique using AMOS 22 version software.
Findings: The findings showed that work engagement and training simulation are the factors that influence the transfer of training, and there is a positive effect of the transfer of training on the organizational citizenship behaviour. The result also demonstrated that the transfer of training is the mediator in the relationship between work engagement, training simulation and organizational citizenship behaviour. Research limitations/implications: This study focuses on public sector areas which is Malaysia Civil Defense Force (APM). No interview session was conducted due to the time constraint in completing this study. Originality/value: This study extends the existing understanding of factors that influence transfer of training and the effect of transfer of training on employees and organization. In other words, through the positive transfer of training, organizations not only attain positive returns on their training investment but also improve the performance and the work attitude of the organization's employees.
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Authors: Nazli, Nik Nadian Nisa Nik; Sheikh Khairudin, Sheikh Muhamad Hizam

Date: 2018

Geographic subjects: Malaysia; Asia

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Journal of workplace learning

Subjects: Workforce development; Industry; Outcomes
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Improving the soft skills of engineering undergraduates in Malaysia through problem-based approaches and e-learning applications

Purpose: Various studies around the globe indicate lack of soft skills in engineering students, graduating from uni... Show more
Purpose: Various studies around the globe indicate lack of soft skills in engineering students, graduating from universities, although the bulk of studies in various disciplines indicate an improvement in various skills through implementation of a problem-based learning (PBL) approach. The purpose of this paper is therefore to identify and determine the effects of PBL in improving and developing soft skills, conflict resolution traits and aspects of enhancing group learning in undergraduates. Design/methodology/approach: A study with mixed methods was used, involving questionnaire, observation and document analysis. A total of 57 students from different faculties participated in the semester-long study. Pre-tests and post-tests were administered at the beginning and end of the study. The researcher attended all the classes to observe systematically the teaching-learning process and its outcomes.
Findings: The findings revealed that PBL has a significant effect on improving students' soft skills and enhancing group learning, including overcoming communication conflicts. Practical implications: Practical implications of the study involve the enhancement of generic skills of the engineering graduates with the student-centered and interactive methodologies like PBL and e-learning applications. Originality/value: This research endeavor stands unique due to its usage of e-learning tools in the PBL classroom learning such as Schoology, Padlet, videos, internet surfing. Another unique feature of this research is the holistic nature of the study, i.e. the measurement of a number of soft skills, traits and group learning skills that are not focused in other studies of engineering.
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Authors: Deep, Sadia; Salleh, Berhannudin Mohd; Othman, Hussain

Date: 2019

Geographic subjects: Malaysia; Asia

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Higher education, skills and work-based learning

Subjects: Higher education; Students; Teaching and learning ... [+] Show more
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Compendium on current practices for skilled work visa programs in the APEC region

This compendium seeks to promote standards-sharing among APEC member economies by providing a point of reference fo... Show more
This compendium seeks to promote standards-sharing among APEC member economies by providing a point of reference for specialized visa programs in the region, while highlighting the need for more centralized information regarding these programs in APEC, as the Human Resources Development Working Group (HRDWG) and the Business Mobility Group (BMG) detected a need for more accessible information on skilled mobility visa programs. In a context of increasing flows of skilled people among member economies, it is necessary to provide all APEC economies an easy and centralized system to share information. The compendium identifies trends in the skilled work visa information provided by member economies and offers a set of recommendations to enhance regional cooperation and skilled labor mobility in the APEC region.
Summary from publisher's website. Show less

Authors: Urdinez, Francisco; Urrutia, Beatriz Susana; Tellier, Swen

Date: 2021

Geographic subjects: Australia; Brunei; Canada ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Subjects: Migration; Labour market; Policy ... [+] Show more
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Compatibility of vocational qualification systems: strategies for a future demand-oriented development co-operation in vocational education and training

This book reports on an international workshop into compatibility of vocational qualification systems, held at Darm... Show more
This book reports on an international workshop into compatibility of vocational qualification systems, held at Darmstadt Technical University, Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany. The goal of the workshop was to discuss strategies for vocational training cooperation geared to the occupation concept and modular approaches. The strengths and weaknesses of the strategies were highlighted, and ways were sought to link strategies to ensure higher quality, greater efficiency and optimal use of materials and resources.
Papers delivered to the workshop were: Compatibility of vocational qualification systems / Josef Rutzel, Gerhard Kohn and Stefan Ziehm; Vocational qualification systems / Gerhard Kohn and Stefan Ziehm; Vocational training cooperation in times of internationalisation and individualisation / Josef Rutzel; The concept of occupation in vocational training cooperation / Walter Georg; A modular, outcome-based qualifications system: the Scottish experience / Dennis Gunning; Roots and nature of reforms in vocational education and training / Fred Fluitman; The South African skills development strategy / Werner Heitmann and Tintswalo Khosa; Combining the modular concept and the occupation concept in Germany / Peter-Werner Kloas; A call for increased realisation of future- and needs-oriented training cooperation with women in third world countries / Sybille Jahn and Lilo Hermann; Participation structures, roles and responsibilities in managing vocational education and training / Stefan Ziehm; Participation structures and responsibility: Indonesia / Rainer Gortz; Objectives and standards in VET / Gerhard Kohn; Drawing up demand profiles in line with CURRENT / Detlef Gronwald; Development of National Occupational Skills Standards in Malaysia / Reinhard Sachs; DACUM: curriculum for the high performance workplace / Robert Norton; Assessment, examination and certification of individuals in vocational education and training / Wilfried Reisse; The Zimbabwe National Assessment/Examination and Certification System in vocational education and training / Lewis Durango and Kassim Ramajan; Vocational Education and Training Authority (VETA) Tanzania / Bernadetta N. Ndunguru; Forms and procedures of vocational eduction and training / Josef Rutzel; CURRENT: experiences in Tanzania / Susanna Adam and Uwe Ebeling; After the DACUM?: curriculum development for occupational skills formation / John Collum.
Selected papers are indexed from TD/TNC 65.81 to TD/TNC 65.94. Show less

Authors: Kohn, Gerhard; Rutzel, Josef; Schroter, Hans-Gunter; Ziehm, Stefan

Date: 2000

Geographic subjects: Asia; Great Britain; Africa ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Conference

Subjects: Vocational education and training; Qualifications; Globalisation ... [+] Show more
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International student enrolments in New Zealand 2003-2009

This report summarises the publicly available data, from three main sources, on enrolments of international student... Show more
This report summarises the publicly available data, from three main sources, on enrolments of international students within New Zealand education provider sectors from 2003 to 2009. Summary information is also stated on the numbers of approved student visas and permits during 2003 to 2009. This information is disaggregated by origin, according to the key markets of North Asia, South-East Asia, the Middle East, Europe and North America, and the developing markets of Latin America and South Asia. Further information is given on the estimated economic value-added to New Zealand from international education.
From a peak of 121,190 international fee-paying enrolments in 2003 there has been a 23 per cent decline to 93,505 enrolments in 2009. This decline initially mainly affected private training establishments and schools, and from 2005 a reduction in total enrolments within the public tertiary education sector was also recorded. In 2009 a near six per cent increase in international enrolments was recorded, reversing the trend since 2003. The main beneficiaries of this growth were private training establishments, particularly English language schools.
Excerpt from the Education Counts website. Show less

Corporate authors: New Zealand. Ministry of Education. International Division

Date: 2010

Geographic subjects: Oceania; New Zealand; Asia ... [+] Show more Zealand; Korea (South)">Korea (South); East">Middle East; Arabia">Saudi Arabia; for United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates; America">North America; States">United States; title="Search for Central America and the Caribbean">Central America and the Caribbean; America">South America; [-] Show less

Resource type: Government report or paper

Subjects: International education; Participation; Migration ... [+] Show more
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Tripartite Sector Skills Bodies

Tripartite Sector Skills Bodies (SSBs) aim to increase and strengthen the involvement of industry, both employers a... Show more
Tripartite Sector Skills Bodies (SSBs) aim to increase and strengthen the involvement of industry, both employers and workers, in the way skill systems are governed and operate. SSBs have a long history in many countries and are now attracting renewed attention as more countries adopt a sectoral approach to skills development. Drawing on existing research on SSBs and ongoing ILO country level support to constituents as they establish or review sector skills bodies, this policy brief outlines some of the issues that need to be addressed when establishing and operating SSBs. The brief examines the different mandates and structures that have been adopted internationally and presents a number of key actions that will improve the likelihood of sustainable SSBs being established.
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Corporate authors: International Labour Organisation (ILO)

Date: 2021

Geographic subjects: Australia; Bangladesh; Barbados ... [+] Show more

Resource type: Report, paper or authored book

Series name: ILO brief

Subjects: Skills and knowledge; Industry; Governance ... [+] Show more
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Training for industrial development: challenges for the nineties: report of the Cabinet Committee on Training

The sustained growth of the Malaysian economy depends on their industries achieving and maintaining high productivi... Show more
The sustained growth of the Malaysian economy depends on their industries achieving and maintaining high productivity and competitiveness. To a large extent, industrial productivity relies upon skilled human resource and technology. Without the educated, skilled and motivated labour force which could take advantage of modern technology, productivity will suffer and the country's ability to compete in a global economy will be undermined.
This report by the Cabinet Committee on Training was prepared as a result of increasing skill shortages in the country. This situation arose as a direct consequence of rapid economic growth which was propelled by the expanding manufacturing sector in recent years. The Government recognised that efficient training, re-training and upgrading of the current workforce should be given due attention since they are of crucial importance in industrial restructuring and generating economic dynamism in the country. Show less

Corporate authors: Malaysia. Ministry of Education

Date: 1991

Geographic subjects: Asia; Malaysia

Resource type: Government report or paper

Subjects: Skills and knowledge; Industry; Economics ... [+] Show more
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Computer-mediated communication as a tool for improving the English language among adult learners in TVET programme

This article highlighted the computer mediated communication skills students need to become lifelong learners in an... Show more
This article highlighted the computer mediated communication skills students need to become lifelong learners in an information society. Among these skills are the abilities to: use technology tools to enhance learning; use telecommunications to collaborate with and interact with peers; use technology to locate and collect information from a variety of sources; and use technology for informed decision-making. The need to master the English language has always been a never ending quest especially among [English as a second language] ESL adult learners in Malaysia. Mastery in the language will not only enhance academic achievements but promote one's status in the community. Despite the many years of learning English command of the language among Malaysian ESL learners is still yet to be desired. This paper thus presents the findings of an innovative approach to learn the English language the technology way. Using an online platform that is freely available in the Internet participants comprising adult [technical and vocational education and training] TVET teacher trainee of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia took part in an online discussion using the English language via the Internet for a semester. Findings of the study revealed that the online platform has helped the students improve themselves in many aspects of the learning process. There was an increase in confidence and frequency of use of the target language, improved thinking ability and least but not last provided joy for learning the English language.
Published abstract reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. Show less

Authors: Salleh, Berhannudin Mohd; Esa, Ahmad; Selamat, Asri; Othman, Hussain ... [+] Show more

Date: 2010

Geographic subjects: Malaysia; Asia

Resource type: Article

Journal title: Journal of technical education and training

Subjects: Teaching and learning; Research; Lifelong learning ... [+] Show more

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